Essay on Phillis Wheatley - 1643 Words

Phillis Wheatley, one of America’s most profound writers, has contributed greatly to American literature, not only as a writer, but as an African American woman, who has influenced many African Americans by enriching their knowledge of and exposure to their Negro heritage and Negro literature. As one of America’s most renown writers, Wheatley, said to be the mother of African American Literature, is best known for her sympathetic portrayals of African American thought. Wheatley’s literary contributions are vast in nature and distinguish her apart from most writers of her era. Her writings have helped in the molding of the African American tradition and are favored by people of all ethnic backgrounds.Phillis Wheatley was born on the West†¦show more content†¦Within sixteen months of her arrival, she was reading astronomy, geography, history, and British literature. Wheatley was able to break a language barrier that had held so many others of her race back . Her desire for learning increased and the quest for knowledge became embedded in her spirit, mind, and soul. By her teenage years, Wheatley was a well known author, reciting poems for the New England elite in homes where blacks could not even sit at the table with whites.Phillis Wheatley made many contributions to American literature. Other than successfully representing and expressing the feelings of anger, frustration, and impatience of African American people abroad, she has paved the way for young aspiring African American writers. In 1771, Wheatley composed her first major work, quot;On an elegy to evangelist George Whitefield.quot; After realizing Wheatley’s potential for excellence, Susannah Wheatley arranged a London publication of Wheatley’s poems. As a result of this, prominent Bostonians verified the book’s author as being Black. Britons praised the book, but criticized Americans for keeping its author enslaved. At this time, Americans were only interested in benefiting White America, and were not prepared for the fact that Britons would criticize their slave policy. In 1774, she wrote a letter repudiating slavery, which was reprinted andShow MoreRelatedPhillis Wheatley Essay2442 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction The illustration that Phillis Wheatley portrays in history is an African-American woman who wrote poetry. Her life goes more into depths that what is perceived, however. Phillis Wheatley uses her poetry as a unique way to get out the truth. Through poems such as On Being Brought From Africa to America and the poem about Lee, she made statements about was what going on at that time; a revolution. Phillis Wheatley was known as a revolutionary mother, for she gave hope to slaves, easeRead MoreCharacteristics Of Phillis Wheatley859 Words   |  4 Pages Phillis Wheatley. African American, poet, slave, woman. These were all the characteristics that describe Phillis Wheatley. She was a big part of what is our country today. Also a big part of women’s rights. Phillis was born on May 8, 1753 in Gambia, Africa. At the age of 8, she was captured. She was then put on a crowded boat that would come to America. These boat rides to America were very traumatic, and Phillis was only 8 at the time. The year 1761 was the year she was sold in Boston, MassachusettsRead MoreGratitude Of Ash By Phillis Wheatley1080 Words   |  5 PagesGratitude of Ash Phillis Wheatley drew attention in the 18thcentury for being a black slave, and a child prodigy who was able to write poems and songs. She was born in Gambia, Africa, and brought to Boston as a slave when she was a child, and became slave and companion to John Wheatley’s wife. As she grew older, John Wheatley’s wife viewed her as a feeble and brilliant girl who deserves to be educated and felt great affection toward her. Therefore, Susanna Wheatley’s daughters taught Phillis how to readRead MoreRed Jacket By Phillis Wheatley1062 Words   |  5 PagesRed Jackets’ â€Å"Reply to the Missionary Jacob Cram† and the poems written by Phillis Wheatley both have something in common. Belief in a God/god(s). Red Jacket provides that in his culture there is the belief in the Great Spirit which Jacob Cram wants to change to the almighty God and Phillis Wheatley shows how what she went through as a slave brought her to an un-denying devotion to God. Religion is something that has developed continually over the years, but one thing has remained the same†¦ everyRead More The Works of Phillis Wheatley Essay examples803 Words   |  4 PagesThe Works of Phillis Wheatley Biography: Phillis Wheatley was born in West Africa around 1753. Sometime after her birth, she was brought to America and purchased by John Wheatley in 1761. He turned Phillis over to his wife, Susanna, to work as a personal maid. After realizing Phillis’ intellect, the Wheatley family encouraged Phillis to study the Bible and read English and Latin literature, history and geography. Wheatley’s first poem was published in a Rhode Island newspaper in 1767.Read MorePoetry Analysis : America By Phillis Wheatley1079 Words   |  5 PagesPoetry Analysis: America by Phillis Wheatley Born in Senegal around 1753, Phillis Wheatley became an important American poetic figure. At the age of 8, she was kidnapped and brought to Boston on a slave ship and upon her arrival to Boston, she was quickly sold to John Wheatley (Bio). Under her new family, Phillis adopted the master’s last name, taken under the wife’s wing, and showed her deep intelligence. Even though suffering from poor health, Phillis’s intelligence did not go unnoticed; she receivedRead MorePhillis Wheatley : A Pioneer Of American Poetry1310 Words   |  6 PagesPhillis Wheatley: A Pioneer of American Poetry Phillis Wheatley was an American figure unlike any other at her time. In a time where slavery was the normal, Ms. Wheatley was a revolutionary figure. She was not revolutionary because she was one of the enslaved but because she was one of the enslaved that knew how to read and write, becoming a published author. Women at the time of Phillis Wheatley were oppressed into submission to social norms. It was almost unheard of for a woman to write poetryRead MoreJohn De Crevecoeur And Phillis Wheatley The Seduction Of Freedom1723 Words   |  7 PagesHector St. John De Crà ¨vecoeur and Phillis Wheatley the seduction of freedom was strong enough to have a hold over them throughout their lives. They express obtaining or wanting independence through writing about certain myths of American culture and identity. This idea of unfiltered, unbiased liberty saturates images of America. Even before it officially became a gaggle of nations, North America was known as a wide-open space full of pos sibilities. Crà ¨vecoeur and Wheatley want the opportunity of self-determinationRead MorePhillis Wheatley Tone814 Words   |  4 Pages In â€Å"On Being Brought from Africa to America,† the author, Phillis Wheatley uses diction and punctuation to develop a subtle ironic tone. The speaker, a slave brought from Africa to America by whites magnifies the discrepancy between the whites’ perception of blacks and the reality of the situation. The author, Phillis Wheatley is an African American women who was enslaved herself at the age of 7 from Africa and is the first African American to publish a book of poetry in the colonies. In this poemRead MoreNotes on Phillis Wheatley1840 Words   |  8 Pages Wheatley is arguably one of the most discussed authors of her time. Her success is an accumulation of the many rare circumstances that she was afforded in life. One could argue that it was pure luck that afforded her the opportunity to be educated and published in a society that still supported slavery. Whetleys poetry has been received in many ways over many generations. Some support and understand her point o f view while others criticize it and feel that she is a sell out and an Uncle Tom. Whatever

Introduction to Hard Times - 2041 Words

The shortest of Dickens novels, Hard Times, was also, until quite recently, the least regarded of them. The comedy is savagely and scornfully sardonic, to the virtual exclusion of the humour - that delighted apprehension of and rejoicing in idiosyncrasy and absurdity for their own sakes, which often cuts right across moral considerations and which we normally take for granted in Dickens. Then, too, the novel is curiously skeletal. There are four separate plots, or at least four separate centres of interest: the re-education through suffering of Mr. Gradgrind, the exposure of Bounderby, the life and death of Stephen Blackpool, and the story of Sissy Jupe. There are present, in other words, all the potentialities of an expansive,†¦show more content†¦Thus when Thomas finally confesses to the bank robbery, his defence is unanswerable, at any rate by Gradgrind. So many people are employed in situations of trust; so many people, out of so many, will be dishonest. I have heard you talk, a hundred times, of its being a law. How can I help laws? You have comforted others with such things, father. Comfort yourself! The point is capped and underscored in the chapter that follows, when Mr. Gradgrind pleads with Bitzer, who has Toms fate in his hands. Bitzer, have you a heart? But Bitzer, the logical end of Mr. Gradgrinds system, its reductio ad absurdum, replies with the literal, scientific answer. Then: If this is solely a question at self-interest with you - Mr. Gradgrind began. I beg your pardon far interrupting you, Sir, returned Bitzer; but I am sure that you know that the whole social system is a question of self- interest. What you must always appeal to, is a persons self-interest. Its your only hold. We are so constituted. I was brought up in that catechism when I was very young, sir, as you are aware. What sum of money, said Mr. Gradgrind, will you set against your expected promotion? Thank you, sir, returned Bitzer, for hinting at the proposal; but I will not set any sum against it. Knowing that your clear head would propose that alternative, I have gone over the calculations in my mind; and I find that toShow MoreRelatedHard Rock Cafe Om Case Essay654 Words   |  3 PagesINTRODUCTION TO OPERATION MANAGEMENT PG1 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATION MANAGEMENT: Identify how each of the 10 decisions of operations management is applied at Hard Rock Cafà ©. TOURO UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL GEORGE L. HALL MODULE I CASE ASSIGNMENT OPM 300 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATION MANAGEMENT DR. ROGER B. RENSVOLD DR. GARY HANNEY 18 AUGUST 2008 Identify how each of the 10 decisions of operations management is applied at Hard Rock Cafà ©. Read MoreMy Struggle with Writing Drafts Essay642 Words   |  3 Pagesdrafts is something I struggle with every time I have to do an essay. It takes me over two hours to finish an introduction. Once done with the introduction the body of the essay easy until I get to the conclusion, which is when my struggle to complete the draft returns. I believe the introduction of a draft is one of the most difficult parts for me of writing a draft because it is hard to come up with ideas for the introduction. Then the conclusion is hard because I have to find a way to restateRead MoreSpeech Analysis (Cameron Russel Ted Talks) Essays690 Words   |  3 Pageslegacy  from  their  ancestors  and  it  didn’t  always  make  them  happy.  Generally,  I  found  her  speech interesting  but  I  thought  sometimes  she  had  difficulties  in  engaging  to  her  topic. Firstly,  the  introduction  was  really  nice.  The  speaker  used  her  voice  at  exactly  right  level and  made  the  listeners  get  interested  and  laugh  a  couple  of  times  although  she  seemed  really nervous  at  the  beginning.  Her  hand  gestures  and  eye ­to ­eye  contact  with  the  audience  was visible  even  from  the  screen.  The  visuals  she  preferred  were  about  her  and  her  carrier  so  they Read MoreMoisture Of The Earth : Mary Robinson, Civil Rights Textile Union Activist999 Words   |  4 Pagesmost often was that involving Robinson’s mother, Sarah Freeman. Because of the amount of times Robinson recounts memories of her mother, it is clear that she was a very important figure in Robinson’s life and that she loved her very much. In addition, her mother’s importance is apparent in the way that Robinson continues her life with the knowledge and traits she gained from her mother. With the introduction of her mother, Robinson describes her endearingly as a tall, beautifully long-haired andRead MoreResume Devry624 Words   |  3 PagesScience Degree in Network Systems Administration DeVry University Graduation: June 2010 Relevant Coursework: PC Hardware and Software, Introduction to Networking, Routing, Switching and WAN technology, Principles of Information System Security, Introduction to Scripting and database, Network Operation Systems using Unix, Voice/VoIP Administration, Introduction to Business and Technology, Ethical and Legal Issues in the Profession, Critical Thinking and Problem Solving, and Principles of PsychologyRead MoreEvolution Of The Baseball Bat1525 Words   |  7 Pagessport. The first wood bats cannot be compared with today’s wood bats, and the BESR bats of the past cannot be compared with the modern BBCOR bats. The first wood baseball bats were considered sticks because they did not have a lot of pop, which is how hard the ball bounces off of the bat. As the wood bat progressed, the ball began to fly farther and travel faster. This change in wood baseball bats can be related to the change in metal bats. When metal bats were first introduced, they were consideredRead Mor eSpeech Reflection Paper1019 Words   |  5 Pagesnicely. The parts I need to work on are my introduction and conclusion, my eye contact, and the rate that I speak. With these good and bad parts of my speech, I would give myself a solid 74 percent. Though I had good parts, watching my speech I saw more parts that need improvement than good. Structure was one of the good parts of the speech that I stuck pretty well with. I kept to the structure given by Elizondo. In the speech I used point plenty of times so my audience was able to follow where IRead MoreA Good Man is Hard to Find: The Power of Manipulation Essay968 Words   |  4 Pageswho seems to be in charge of everyone around him or her. The grandmother in Flannery O’Conner’s A Good Man is Hard to Find is an extraordinary, scheming character that is extremely unrelenting in her actions to control people. On the contrary, she may have been a person just trying to attempt to save her own life without trying to be controlling. Maybe the fact that she was raised in a time when woman wore dresses to go out and never did anything unlady-like, made her think that her way of thinkingRead MoreMy First Class Of The Year856 Words   |  4 Pagesschool. I had yet to work to hard for my grade and no English course I had taken proved to be a challenge in my eyes. But, I have always been a huge procrastinator, if not one of the biggest when it comes to writing. Most of the time I wrote the papers a couple nights before or sometimes even the day of and still managed to average a â€Å"C† on all of them. That is why I failed English the first time I took it. I was screwing myself over with this bad habit, but it was so hard to change except for thisRead MoreComputer Science vs Computer Engineering1748 Words   |  7 PagesEngineering Moving from High School to college is often a rollercoaster on the mind of most students. After the appliance and acceptance process, we then encounter a bigger question: What will our major be? As a computer and technology lover, I had a hard time understanding and choosing between computer science and computer engineering; even though I already knew that I wanted to study computers. People often think that studying computer science is the same as studying computer engineering, but these two

Essay on Writing Techniques in Poes The Raven - 1061 Words

Writing Techniques in Poes The Raven Edgar Allan Poe uses several writing techniques to create a single concentrated effect of unending despair in his classic poem, The Raven. The most noticeable technique is the use of repetition. Just as repeated exposure to cold raindrops can chill one to the bone, repeated exposure to words of hopelessness and gloom creates a chilling effect. Poe saturates the reader with desperate futility by repetitive use of the words nothing more and nevermore. These two phrases, used in refrain to end seventeen of the poems eighteen stanzas, drench the reader with melancholy. Poe also uses repetition to spark the readers curiosity. He refers to the sound of rapping or tapping eight times in the†¦show more content†¦This rare radiance stands in stark contrast to the grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous raven who now never leaves his chamber (71). Lenore is referred to as a sainted maiden (94), whereas the raven is referred to as a prophet! and a thing of evil! (85, 91). The radia nce of Lenore is contrasted with the speakers soul, which he describes as being under a shadow (107). These contrasts serve to draw attention to the most significant contrast described in the poem: an intelligent, well-read, loving man interprets a bird seeking shelter on a cold night as an emblem of never-ending anguish and succumbs to depression and madness. Poe masterfully chooses his words to create an effect. He introduces the idea that the tapping is caused by something at his window lattice (33) followed by Let me see, then, what thereat is (34). His choice of the word thereat is interesting in that it suggests the word threat. The sharp t sound at the end of thereat conjures the sound of pecking on glass. The experience of hearing what the speaker hears serves to increase the bond the reader feels with the speaker. Poes masterful alliteration likewise creates mood as exhibited in the phrase, And the silken sad uncertain (13). These words are not commonly used together. The repetitive s sound forces the reader to hesitate when reading the line, leading the reader to identify with the uncertainty that the speaker is experiencing. In a similar way, theShow MoreRelatedThe Raven by Edgar Allan Poe709 Words   |  3 PagesHe tries to ease his pain by distracting himself with a book of poems; â€Å"The Forgotten Lore† but is interrupted by a tapping at [his] chamber door (5) and finds darkness there and nothing more. (24) He was visited one night in his bedroom by a raven that only knows the word Nevermore. However, the gentleman is unaware of the birds limited vocabulary and proceeds to beg and plead with the bird to answer his questions about Lenore and her death, but the bird continues to respond one way. BeingRead MoreComparitve Analysis of the Raven Tell Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe1257 Words   |  6 PagesComparative Analysis of the Tell Tale Heart and the Raven Edgar Allen Poe was the author of several daunting works of literature. Two examples of Edgar Allen Poes literature are The Tell Tale Heart and The Raven. If we compare these two works, one a short story and the other a poem, we will see that Poe shows great mastery of symbolism, as well as other forms of literary technique. In these two stories, many people would say that Poe uses the tales to reflect the way he perceivesRead MoreThe Raven Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Raven† is a magnificent piece by a very well known poet from the 19th century, Edgar Allan Poe. Poe was well known for his dark and haunting poetry. Along with writing poetry, Poe was also recognized for his Gothic-style short stories. â€Å"The Raven† is one of Poe’s greatest accomplishments and was even turned into recitals and numerous television appearances. â€Å"The Raven† tells a story about an unnamed narrator whose beloved Lenore has left him. A raven come s at different points throughout theRead MoreThe Masque Of The Red Death By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesDeath, The Tale-Tell Heart, and The Raven being that they are all well known. Poe an unforgettable writer, because of his horror stories and writing style has created stories and poems that are classical and often spoken about. As well as inducing a sense of suspense to his own readers, he has become an inspiriting to a handful of writers to implement techniques similar to those of Poe and inspire certain character characteristics. Using different methods of writing and presenting stories Edgar AllenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Raven By Edgar Allan Poe1487 Words   |  6 PagesANALYSIS OF LENORE The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is undoubtedly one of the most famous poems ever written. With its haunting imagery and masterfully crafted suspense, as well as the famous refrain â€Å"nevermore†, The Raven is mesmerizing, hypnotic, terrifying, exciting, and irresistible. Besides its outstanding sounds and imagery, the secret to the Raven’s persistent and ubiquitous popularity also lies in the universality of the theme with which it deals – namely, the theme of the lost Beloved. At theRead MoreEssay about Literary Devices Used in the Raven by Edgar Allen Poe959 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of the Raven by Edgar Allen Poe The nineteenth century poet Edgar Allen Poe makes use of several literary devices in order to create a gloomy atmosphere in his poem â€Å"The Raven†. Alliteration, rhyme, onomatopoeia, assonance, and repetition are used to contribute to the melodic nature of the work and provide an almost â€Å"visual† representation of his gothic setting. Poe is a master of using these writing techniques. â€Å"The Raven† is one of his most popular works. This is certainly due, in partRead MoreThe Raven by Edgar Allan Poe1334 Words   |  6 PagesBeatriz Castro Professor Gary Smith English 1302 10/31/2012 Symbolism in â€Å"The Raven† Edgar Allan Poe was highly criticized throughout his life whether it was for his high achievements or his downfalls; he always seemed to be talked about. Poe was born in January 19, 1809; his mother died shortly after being abandoned by his father leaving him and his brothers’ orphans at an early age. Poe was taken by John and Francis Allan. With the help of his foster parents he was later able to attendRead More Deep into Darkness Peering Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesintent behind his own masterpiece. These are what have made Poe such a notorious figure in American culture. Experiences within Edgar Allan Poe’s life lead to his different perspectives on death. By analysing Annabel Lee, The Raven, The Masque of the Red Death, we can see that these perspectives include: hope; despair; and fear. Annabel Lee is one of Poe’s more famous poems. It is about a young man (the narrator) that falls in love with a girl when they are both children. Their love was so strongRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s Father Of American Gothicism1178 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of the effect of all those lost that he had, and his obsession with death and loss can be seen in most of his writing, we can see that most of his writing there are patters and similarities, even thought, Poe’s main characters are generally different. Thus, aside from a common theoretical basis, there is a psychological intensity that is characteristic of Poe’s writings, especially the tales of horror that comprise his best and best-known works. These works include  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Black Cat,†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"TheRead MoreDifferent Colors Of Darkness By Nathaniel Hawthorne And Edgar Allen Poe995 Words   |  4 Pagesand dismal, and an enduring despair runs through the tales as a common thread. However, their inspirations originate from opposite ends of the spectrum. Hawthorne’s works are the offspring of legalistic Puritan values and beliefs; on the other hand, Poe’s stories reflect godlessness. While the characters of both authors often face a grim destination, the writers show through their unique styles that the path to hopelessness can take many different routes. These contrasting motivations first surface

Utopia Z Essay - 2908 Words

Utopia Z: Recreation nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Besides being able to live comfortable and easily, the people also have a lot of recreation to do, with in Utopia Z. All of the recreation, is located in the recreation dome, which is located between the Construction Plant, and the Hospital Dome. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Recreation Dome is filled with different activities, such as artificial ski-mountains, a swimming pool, and amusement park, an ice arena, a playground, a football field/track, a bungee jumping station, and a large field for miscellaneous activities. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of the biggest attractions in this dome, is the artificial ski- mountains. These mountains are constructed with sturdy†¦show more content†¦This site is equipped with a vacuum capsule, which transports the users to the top of the tower. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Along with all those activities, we have also included a gigantic playing field for whatever activities the citizens can think of. Whether it is Baseball, Frisbee, walking their pets, whatever, this field will serve their needs. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Although the dome has many attractions already, it still has extra space for future additions. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Utopia Z: Agriculture Since Utopia Z, is a fully self-maintained unit, it is able to supply and grow its own food. This is all done in the Agriculture Dome, which is located at the center, shown on the diagram. This dome is especially bigger than all the other domes. Actually, it is precisely 10 times larger than its surrounding domes. A giant growth light is also installed into the dome to provide the crops and animals with artificial sunlight. This light actually provides a better, more concentrated light than the sun can provide on Earth. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The dome is separated into 3 sections, designed to supply Utopia Z with vegetables and livestock of all kinds. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Two of the sections are used to grow plants and vegetables. They are purposely separated into sections, in case, one ofShow MoreRelated Consider Why Visions of the Future are Common in Literature. Make1565 Words   |  7 PagesChrysalids and at Least One Other Text. In this essay I will try to explain why visions of the future are so common in literature. To do this I will make reference to The Chrysalids by John Wyndham, Brother In the Land by Robert Swindell, Z for Zachariah by Robert C. OBrien and also a television series called Futurama, created by Matt Groening. This essay consists of three main parts: an introduction, an explanation on why visions of the future are abundant and a conclusion. ThereRead MoreBeyond The Edges Of Planet Earth1509 Words   |  7 PagesPlanet Z. A world that is travelled to in hopes to revive a once dull and unsatisfying life, Planet Z is an escape. It is an escape from negativity and discomfort that survives in neighboring planets. But how might one get to the point where they truly feel they have reached a fulfilling, happy life? By coming to Planet Z. On Planet Z, you will see, that we offer nothing less than a warm and welcoming community. There are homes, big and small, businesses owned solely by the people of Planet Z, andRead MorePolice Supervision Essay2520 Words   |  11 PagesPOLICE SUPERVISION CASE STUDY (2A) ELIZABETH DIAZ 10/14/2012 BACKGROUND Police Officer Jacob Goulde is a member of the Town of Utopia Police Department. He’s a married father of two. Officer Goulde has had a very good track record in the nine years he’s worked for the Utopia Police Department, but recently he’s been observed making careless mistakes and his behavior is increasingly disturbing to his supervisor, Sergeant Wentworth. During the lastRead MoreTheogony And The Biblical Book Of Genesis, Hesiod And Genesis968 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Biblical book of Genesis reveals certain similarities that I picked up on. Hesiod and Genesis share the same order of events: mankind exists in alongside heavenly beings in utopia where there is just; a woman is introduced into this utopian world; the actions of the woman produces the loss of before said utopia. This pattern is used by both works of literature to better explain the presence of problems such as chaos and turmoil in human existence, and both Hesiod and Genesis credit the firstRead MoreModernism Movement : High And Low Modernism1277 Words   |  6 Pagesfiled but also used as an architecture style. Henry van de Velde, an interior designer, painter, prominent architect, and one of the significant representatives of Art Nouveau in Belgium suggested that â€Å"The forms reflected the function†(W. W. CHEN Z. Z. HE, 2013). When the function is cooperating with the new materials, the advantages of Gropius’ goal in architecture and design had been revealed, â€Å"to be functional, cheap and consistent with mass production.† Le Corbusier (1887 –1965) was a Swiss-FrenchRead MoreCrossed ABCs Book Report 851 Words   |  3 Pagesall-powerful government that has control over all aspects of people’s lives. T is for Tablets. Each Citizen of the Society is given three pills, each for specific uses to â€Å"help† them when they are in need. Two out of three pills are harmful. U is for Utopia. The society that Cassia lives in is supposed to be a society that has been arranged perfectly. V is for Valor. Cassia is a person of valor. This is because she was willing to face danger to search for Ky. W is for Writing. Ky was taught how toRead MoreLove Is An Intense Feeling Of Love Essay2117 Words   |  9 Pagesselfishness and put the needs of others before themselves. The book World War Z by Max Brooks is an example of Agape love, a story of how a crisis brought humanity together to fight and save each other from the horrors of the zombie apocalypse. As this line suggests, â€Å"At a time when everyone was pulling together, helping each other out, working to protect and take care of one another†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Brooks, 149) Although the story World War Z was a fictional book, it is similar in many ways to the wars that have occurredRead MoreSocialization as an Aim of Education - Paper1409 Words   |  6 Pagesexpression. Cultural continuity in its rawest form comes without expectations of assimilation thus allowing individuals to contribute their true selves to society. Delivering education this way, exposes ideas and adds value to community. In a utopia, these aims for education may be perfectly practiced. However, it is not a perfect world and there are, and have been many injustices in the education system. In fact, these aims of education have been, or are being challenged at present. LeonardoRead More The Differences Between Men and Women Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesrough, enjoy dirty objects, be daring and roam about carelessly, their toys include sports balls, action figures, and guns. Girls however are anticipated to be polite, passive, neat, subordinate and for the most part, veiled, and play with dolls, â€Å"E-Z Bake Ovens,† easy wash away makeup, and kitchen utensils. After which, the pattern works itself to marriage, the woman has to change her last name to her male counter-part, some times losing her first name as well. Why? This frequently asked questionRead MoreEssay on Plato1158 Words   |  5 PagesHis writings from the Republic form the greatest of his writings along with The Apology. Modern-day people are surprised that Plato didnt love democracy and pushed for Utopia, but Plato had seen democracy at work in Athens and thought it a wretched idea. Bibliography Baggani, Julian and Jeremy Stangroom, eds. Great Thinkers A-Z. London: Continuum, 2004. Guthrie, W.K.C. A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. IV; Plato: The Man and His Dialogues, Earlier Period. London: Cambridge University Press

Why Do Luxury Companies Sponsor Art Free Essays

Course: The Environment of Visual Arts Administration Instructor: Prof. Carlo Lamagna Title of the paper: Why do luxury companies sponsor art? Author: Qing Zhong Why do luxury companies sponsor art? Motivations of corporate art sponsorship fall in many categories, as suggested by O’Hagan and Denice (O’Hagan,J. 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Why Do Luxury Companies Sponsor Art? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The analysis of this article concentrates on the external benefits a luxury company could gain from sponsoring art and particular attention will be given to the promotion of brand image, as it is a dominant motivation for corporate decision makers in order to raise brand awareness (Hitters, 1996). To examine the outcomes of art sponsorship, examples of some luxury companies will be given. These examples include but are not necessarily limited to, Deutsche Bank, LVMH and Hermes. Each example will examine one aspect of the three major motivations that can be generalized into the publicity/brand image promotion category. In addition to these three examples, a personal observation will be given as a complete inspection analyzing all the motivations in a flowing process. All the cases used in this article are â€Å"designer sponsorship† which means that luxury companies either initiate corporate art organizations or organize their own art events (Eamon O hOisin 1995). Instead of sponsoring existent art organizations or events, designer sponsorship allow luxury companies to take control over all aspects of the activities and thus maximizes the potential outcomes. The starting point of this discussion is the definition of sponsorship. It has been reiterated thousands of times by many luxury companies as selfless motives. However, it is not true in reality. Differing from charity or philanthropy, sponsorship is at its best a win-win situation in which sponsors put their own benefits, instead of the sponsored subjects’, in the first place. For the recipients, financial support may save them from desperate situations. For the givers, expected benefits include earning capacity growth or transferring a responsible corporate image to the public. Luxury companies may not gain directly from their sponsorship behaviors, but they gain huge indirect bnefits from branding and image promotion to the public (Krzysztof Klincewicz, 1998). Indirect benefits relating to art sponsorship could be further detailed in three aspects. Firstly, by appearing more frequently in front of the public’s eyes on banners, boards, websites or TV news report, luxury companies propagate themselves and impress the latent clients in a way that is different from traditional advertisements. A good example worth mentioning is the Deutsche Bank’s sponsorship for various art forms, including art fairs such as the International Hong Kong Art Fair, Art Fair Tokyo, self designed art events such as â€Å"Artist of the Year† and influential long-term art projects like the cooperation between Deutsche Bank and the Guggenheim Museum. Figure 1 Hong Kong International Art Fair Sponsorship for worldly renowned art events gives Deutsche Bank a wide coverage and exposure in social media and thus expands its visibility to the public, but this kind of brand exposure is not directly related with Deutsche Bank’s products. It gives the public a fresh and indirect perspective to approach the bank and its products. As can be seen in Figure 1, whenever viewers browse on the Hong Kong Art Fair’s website, they can’t avoid noticing the little image of the bank on the right corner. Same situation applies to other art events such as the â€Å"Deutsche Bank’s Artist of the Year†. It is impossible for the media to mention this event without saying its title beginning with the â€Å"Deutsche Bank†. It is neither impossible for the public to get a first impression for the event without knowing that it is sponsored by the bank. Secondly, art sponsorship transcends the role of a narrowly defined advertising tool and adds meanings and value to the company and its products, which is the most essential difference between art sponsorship and sports or entertainment sponsorship (O’Hagan,J. 2000). Value creation is essential as it stimulates emotional connections in human minds and help luxury companies attract and gather key clients who share the same kind of ifestyle with their unique brands. By sponsoring art, luxury companies create images that consistently convey their value and expect potential clients connect the corporate identity with these images, which is often times not just an illusion as meaning transferring and image associations are most effective and immediate when such image links exist (Gwinner, K. 1997). Let’s take a look at Bernard Arnault‘s plan on the LVMH Museum, which has been a controversial issue since 2006 because of the conflict between the public rights and the corporate’s benefits. Figure 2 LVMH Museum The museum looks fabulous. It’s itself an art work by the renowned architect Frank Gehry, but it’s also a iconic image of the corporate self-portrait: arrogant, powerful, egocentric and elitist. The project once ceased constructing because neighbors  objected: they want the space to remain green and they don’t want this to be the start of more buildings in the bois, even if it’s by Gehry. However, the senate finally compromised to LVMH’s superpower announcing that this project contributes to the civic pride and cultural identity of the nation. Ironically, the content of this museum may not be as democratic or liberal as stated. It will include Arnault’s private and corporate collections as well as heritage pieces from several brands such as Dior and Vuitton-those have always been regarded as belongings of the elite. Contrary to the senate’s announcement, LVMH reinforces its value and identity by building up a private coded museum that can only be decoded by the counterparts, namely, the limited elite who would have the sense and taste to appreciate the art in the same way the company appreciates it. Wouldn’t the public be scared off if they approach this apparently exclusive and flamboyant museum? They might come up with an even stronger conclusion that glory only belongs to the superior. As for the â€Å"lucky† elite, their requirements for supremacy can be further satisfied and therefore confirms their degree of honesty for the company. Thirdly, since sponsorship is naturally linked with social responsibility, it will relieve the public’s aversion for the luxury that is often times regarded as a superior, limited VIP belonging distinguishing the elite class from the grass roots. Promotion of public image also provides better returns in luxury companies’ rent-seeking process – that of lobbying important politicians or policy makers (O’Hagan, J. 2000). Cartier might have been excelled in establishing such a generous and socially responsible identity in its continuous giving for the Foundation Cartier since 1984. Besides the organization’s name, there is no link between the artworks commissioned by or in the foundation’s collection and the Cartier brand. This kind of sponsorship is therefore called the â€Å"pure† sponsorship in order to distinguish from the product-related one (O’Hagan,J. 2000). Figure 3 The Foundation Cartier The artworks in the collection travel around the world and ongoing programs take place in the foundation’s dynamic, light-filled home in Paris, which Figure 2 presents. For nearly 30 years, Foundation Cartier has been sponsoring the contemporary art in a modest and prudent manner. Though hard to notice, this conduct might have won a good reputation for Cartier and would benefit the brand enormously in its long term rent-seeking activities. Finally, in order to delineate a more consistent and comprehensive picture, an independent case based on my personal observation at the Rolex Mentor ; Protege Arts Initiative will be studied to integrate all the three motivations stated above. The Rolex Mentor and Protege Arts Initiative is an international philanthropic programme created to assist extraordinary, rising artists to achieve their full potential. It seeks out these artists from around the world and brings them together with great masters, for a year of creative collaboration in a one-to-one mentoring relationship. The event that I volunteered at was a â€Å"dinner celebrating the Mentors and Proteges of the 2010-2011 Rolex Arts Initiative†. It was actually a quite exclusive event with safeguards standing outside the entrance and all guests dressing up with their by-invitation-only cards. Admittedly, Rolex has done a lot to propagate this initiative, as can be seen on various websites, on banners, n magazines and on spot of the celebrating dinner (Refer to Figure 4). Figure 4 Entrance of the dinner for celebration the Rolex Arts Initiative However, â€Å"By Invitation Only† is what I felt for this arts initiative because during a whole year of mentoring, no public access has been allowed into the procedure all the way from selecting qualified candidates to presenting the cooperative final projects. Only the †Å"selected† will have a real sense for what is happening within this event. This â€Å"selected† group includes the renowned artists, board of the Rolex, celebrities and business magnets, all of whom share a common character of being superior and elite (from my observation at the Rolex dinner). As the art initiative reflects the value of Rolex, it satisfies and attracts the same group of people who recognize and approve of this value. If attracting only a small group of people is what Rolex aims at, there will be some questions to ask: Does the initiative promote the public image of Rolex? Is this program contributing to the overall goodness of the society? Can the public feel the goodness and if yes, to what extent? Information gathered from the websites or the observation did not suggest a positive answer to this question, but together they do not provide enough evidence to make a decisive conclusion. Luxury companies’ motivations for art sponsorship are tailored to the internal and external situation each company faces. They are diversified and sometimes hard to recognize, but together they stimulates information and resource exchange between art organizations, business and the public and contribute to the flourish of the art ecology. Bibliography Bulut, D. â€Å"Corporate Social Responsibility in Culture and Art. †Ã‚  Management of Environmental Quality  20, no. 3 (2009): 311. Comunian, R. â€Å"Toward a New Conceptual Framework for Business Investments in the Arts: Some Examples from Italy. †Ã‚  The Journal of Arts Management, Law, and Society  39, no. 3 (2009): 200. Eamon O hOisin. â€Å"Art Marketing: Sport on the Sidelines. †Ã‚  Circa  no. 71 (Spring, 1995): pp. 43-45. Gwinner, K. â€Å"A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer in Event Sponsorship. †Ã‚  International Marketing Review  14, no. 3 (1997): 145. Krzysztof Klincewicz. â€Å"Ethical Aspects of Sponsorship. †Ã‚  Journal of Business Ethics  17, no. 9/10, How to Make Business Ethics Operational: Creating Effective Alliances: The 10th Annual EBEN Conference (Jul. , 1998): pp. 1103-1110. O’Hagan, J. â€Å"Why do Companies Sponsor Arts Events? some Evidence and a Proposed Classification. †Ã‚  Journal of Cultural Economics  24, no. 3 (2000): 205. pp. 6. 8 Okonkwo, Uche. Luxury Fashion Branding : Trends, Tactics, Techniques. Basingstoke: Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Deusche Bank,â€Å"Art Music: Fostering Creativity†, http://www. db. com/csr/en/art_and_music. htm (Accessed November 21). [ 2 ]. Judith H. Dobrzynski, â€Å"Paris To Get Gehry’s LVMH Museum Afterall†, Arts Journel Weblog, http://www. artsjournal. com/realcleararts/2011/04/lvmh. html (Acces sed November 21). [ 3 ]. LaPlaca Cohen, â€Å"Cultural Sponsorship†, http://www. laplacacohen. com (Accessed November 21). [ 4 ]. The Rolex Mentor and Protege Arts Initiative, â€Å"About the initiative†, http://www. rolexmentorprotege. com/en/ about-the-initiative/index. jsp(Accessed November 21, 11). How to cite Why Do Luxury Companies Sponsor Art?, Essay examples

Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research

Question: Discuss about theHalf a Defence of Positive Accounting Research. Answer: Introduction There are three goals for Positive Science one is development of hypothesis or theory, second is that the theory so developed shall have valid predictions and thirdly the predictions so formed should be of the phenomena which have not been observed. In other words, positive accounting helps in explaining and predicting particular phenomena. The main aim of the study is to develop the explanation for human behavior along with understanding the cause and effect relationships defined as world under the study. In this, the critique has examined the positive accounting research as a part of the large scientific intellectual project. The nature of its being and the nature of its being true and false have been examined in detailed on step to step. The emphasis has been laid on the effectiveness of Positive accounting research as wider project with reference not only to the statistical measures but also to the human behavior in an organization, application of different models and the repeti tion of the application of models so as to get the better results. The study has been completed by collecting data from recent papers which are considered as reliable. Though accounting illustrations must have been used but auditing literature examples have been used for more clear understanding. The study has been detailed in eight clauses. First clause deals with introduction and second deals with the details of scientific research project. In the third clause, examples of positive research in accounting have been mentioned and in fourth the reason for the existence and knowledge of the scientific project has been explained. In the fifth clause, hypothesis testing has been examined along with the details for requirements of successful research program in clause six. Seventh clause answers as to why there has been a gap between the practicing of the positive accounting research as actual and as required. The last clause concludes the study with the summary of the paper. Summary Of The Article The article has started with the abstract of the study and has provided the gist of the study stating Watt and Zimmerman has applied the Positive accounting theory for particular field but for the purpose of the study the positive accounting research will be considered as long scientific research project which can be applied in all the fields. He has stated in the beginning of introduction that its being a wider intellectual project which help in understanding the cause and effect relationship in the world. It means for every effect that happened in any field there always be cause and through this study he has very well explained the cause and effect relationship which has indeed helped him to form different conclusions. At the first he has argued that the positive accounting research has much wider scope than positive accounting theory. Positive accounting theory only considers the rational human behavior as the understanding factor whereas positive accounting research make one understand of specific accounting phenomena without rational human behavior rather considering non rational aspects which qualifies it as a scientific research project. Thereafter, he made arguments at each stage whether relating to hypothesis or describing the scientific research project. The major view that has been outlined in the study is examining the nature of existence of and the nature of knowledge about the positive research. He thereafter identifies the gap between the accounting research currently prevailing and the accounting research that should have been followed. This gap has been analyzed through various models including Poppers criteria of testing and Choi et al. model. By identifying the gap, he has provided the suggestions to improve and have laid down the factor which helps in development of successful research program. Research Question The question on which the study has been based is that whether or not positive accounting research contributes to the world in the study with the main focus on understanding the human behavior and the reasons for such behavior in an organizations where various decisions or work are mostly carried out under the specified control systems, for instance university manager working under the planning and budget department. If the aforesaid system is present where the humans working in an organizations works only under the pressure, then there may be chances of having quality issues in the work and which is considered as matter of serious concern by the management. For this, the organizations undertake various tests including hypothesis or by way of different person to person models. The research question so described is very important as it forms the basis of effective working of the positive accounting research which is currently being practiced in the field of accounting. It has started from Watts and Zimmerman view of claiming positive accounting theory as useful for assessing the human behavior and has extended at each and every stage such as Kuhn Model where he has provided disciplinary matrix where puzzles can be easily solved irrespective of the fact whether it will contribute towards the wider scientific project. The same model has gained importance after some time and useful for the elite group and the critiques consider the Kuhns finding has fit for its positive accounting research. Also the research questions has been flowed from very best example from the Scientific Ontology and epistemology where the self centered behavior of the humans has been considered that too with the rationality. It underlines the problem of agency where the person works as an agent of his / her principal. Studies have underlined that if humans works without another person control then the purpose of scientific research will be defeated. With these considerations and literature be hind the study the research question has been envisaged. Theoretical Framework Framework is defined as the structure within which particular problem can be solved or particular research can be undertaken or particular person can works in department, etc. Theories are the written representation, made by different authors, which are used for determining particular cause of future action or for laying down the frame for building the structure. Theoretical framework means the structure which has been established through the means of different theories. Theoretical framework has been established using various ideologies and works of authors. Some theories of Sophist and others have been laid down which makes impossible for the critique to conduct the research. The instance of such theory is that nothing exists, if exists then nobody knows about it and in case if someone knows about it and he or she cannot communicate the same fact to others. Further the framework has been extended by the use of Positive Accounting Theory by Watts and Zimmerman where its states that the process of accounting are mainly due to the self centered behavior of persons working in various types of organizations. The Significance and Limitations of The Article The article is very useful for understanding the human behavior in the different contexts. It has contributed to the wider scientific project. The article has built the platform from the theories of his own assumption of having different world to the theories of sophists then to the application of model of Watts and Zimmerman and then to the Poppers Model which in itself is big one and so on. Thereafter, hypothesis and falsification testing has been done using Poppers Model. The Model has been very well explained by giving an example of Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft. The literature of auditing has been used throughout the study which has helped in understanding the behavior of individuals more clearly. It is because auditors are considered as an independent person and have no personal bias with any other person where otherwise employees working in an organization may have conflicts of interest and other such issues. In the study, the author has very well acknowledged the limitations. The major limitation is that illustrations have not been provided with respect to the real world in the statistical calculations so that the reader can understand that area in total. Another major limitation is that the human behavior shall also be mentioned more deeply with the help of examples. He has drawn well defined theoretical conclusions from the study which helps the readers or other researchers to work further. These limitations have not hampered the significance of the article in any way. It is because the findings are not dependent on the limitation factor rather the findings have come out with the more clear suggestions. Conclusion Positive accounting research is regarded as part of the intellectual project of scientific research. The research has undertaken to make the readers understand the cause and effect relationship that prevails in the world as defined in the article. The study has listed out various theories for testing the research along with different models. With the application of Popper Model and Kuhns Model, the author has defined that positive accounting research as scientific project rather than the positive accounting theory. To conclude the report, the article is well drafted, prepared and have provided many knowledgeable matters to the readers through which they can undertake the testing of their predictions in comparison with old to new theories. References Watts R. and Zimmerman L. (1990), Positive Accounting Theory : A Ten YearPerspective,availableon https://faculty.etsu.edu/pointer/watts%26zimmerman2.pdf accessed on 13/12/2016. Milne M, (2001), Positive Accounting Theory, Political Costs and Social Disclosure Analysis : A Critical Look, available on https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.199.7620rep=rep1type=pdf accessed on 13/12/2016. Kabir M., Positive Accounting Theory and Science, available on https://centrum.pucp.edu.pe/adjunto/upload/publicacion/archivo/positiveaccountingtheoryandscience.pdf accessed on 13/12/2016. Financial Accounting Theory, Summary The Positive Theory of Accounting, available on www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/management/acctfin/courses/.../group82.doc accessed on 13/12/2016. Outline of Positive Accounting Theory available on www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/management/acctfin/courses/.../group84.doc accessed on 13/12/2016. Sterling R, (1990), Positive Accounting : An Assessment , ABACUS, pages 98-130 Watts R. and Zimmerman L. (1986),Positive Accounting Theory, New Jersey : Prentice Hall.